NEB Class 12 · Past paper
The complete NEB Class 12 2081 exam paper for Computer Science, all 10 questions with solved model answers.
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Evaluate the advantages of DBMS compared to traditional file-based data storage systems.
A Database Management System (DBMS) offers several clear advantages over the older, traditional file-based approach to storing data. - Reduced data redundancy, since related data is stored once in shared tables instead of being duplicate...
How does Second Normal Form (2NF) differ from First Normal Form (1NF), and what are the key benefits of achieving 2NF in database design ? Explain.
A table is in First Normal Form (1NF) if all its attributes contain only atomic (indivisible) values and there are no repeating groups or arrays within a single row. A table is in Second Normal Form (2NF) if it is already in 1NF and, whe...
Write a JavaScript function that checks if a number is even or odd and print the result.
The function checkEvenOdd() takes a number num and tests num % 2 === 0, that is, whether dividing the number by 2 leaves no remainder. If it does not, the number is even and the message "is even" is printed; otherwise the remainder is 1 ...
What is purpose of the mysqli_connect ( ) function in PHP ? Describe its usage and parameters.
The mysqli_connect() function in PHP is used to open a connection between a PHP script and a MySQL database server, so that the script can later run queries against that database.
Its general usage is:
$conn = mysqli_connect($server, $username, $password, $database);
It normally takes four parameters:
"localhost"."root".The function returns a connection object (or false on failure) which is then passed to other mysqli_* functions such as mysqli_query() to actually send SQL commands. If the connection fails, mysqli_connect_error() can be used to retrieve the error message.
Write short note on class and object in OOPs with a real-word example.
Class: a class is a blueprint or template that defines the properties (data members) and behaviors (methods) that its objects will have, without itself occupying memory for actual data. It only describes what an object of that type will look like.
Object: an object is a specific instance of a class, created in memory, that has its own actual values for the properties defined by the class and can call the methods defined in that class.
Real world example: Car can be defined as a class with properties such as brand, color and speed and methods such as start() and stop(). A specific car such as "a red Toyota" is then an object of the Car class, with brand = "Toyota" and color = "red". Many different objects (many actual cars) can be created from the same Car class, each with its own values but sharing the same structure and behavior defined by the class.
How do various requirement gathering techniques help in achieving a careful grasp of user needs and system requirements during SDLC's analysis phase ?
During the analysis phase of the SDLC, several requirement gathering techniques are used together because each one reveals a different aspect of what the users actually need. - Interviews let the analyst directly ask users and stakeholde...
Give five examples of AI applications in the education.
Five examples of how Artificial Intelligence is applied in education are: - Personalized learning systems, which adapt the content, pace and difficulty of lessons to each individual student's performance and learning style. - Intelligent...
How does the star network topology differ from the bus network topology, in terms of its architectural layout and data transmission methodology in modern computing environments ?
Architectural layout: in a star topology, every computer is connected by its own individual cable to one central device, usually a hub or switch, so the network looks like a star with the central device at the middle. In a bus topology, ...
Write a C program that uses structures to represent details of five books (title, author, publisher and price) and prints them out.
The structure Book groups together a book's title, author, publisher and price as a single record, and the array b[5] stores five such records. The first for loop reads all four fields of each book from the user, and the second for loop ...
Discuss the concept of binary file handling in C programming and explain how putw ( ) and getw ( ) functions facilitate binary input/output operations. Give examples.
Binary file handling in C means storing data in a file exactly as it is represented in memory (as raw bytes), rather than converting it to readable text as fprintf()/fscanf() do. Binary files are opened with modes such as "wb" (write bin...
The mysqli_connect() function in PHP is used to open a connection between a PHP script and a MySQL database server, so that the script can later run queries against that database.
Its general usage is:
$conn = mysqli_connect($server, $username, $password, $database);
It normally takes four parameters:
"localhost"."root".The function returns a connection object (or false on failure) which is then passed to other mysqli_* functions such as mysqli_query() to actually send SQL commands. If the connection fails, mysqli_connect_error() can be used to retrieve the error message.