NEB Class 12 · Past paper
The official NEB Class 12 model questions for Legal Drafting, all 2 questions with solved model answers.
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Q5 / Q16. वकसपत्र भन्नाले के बुझिन्छ ? यसमा खुलाउनुपर्ने कुराहरू के के हुन् ? वकसपत्रको एउटा नमुना तयार गर्नुहोस् । / What is a will, what must it state, and prepare a sample deed of will?
A will (वकसपत्र) is the document by which a person gives his property to another. The gift takes effect according to the terms of the deed. Commonly it takes effect on the donor's death. But a will with immediate effect (हालैको वकसपत्र) takes effect at once, during the donor's lifetime. It is a solemn document. It disposes of property, often a person's whole estate. And an ordinary will operates when the donor is no longer there to explain or defend it.
The law therefore insists on certain matters. The draftsperson must see that each one appears. First, the deed must show that the donor is of sound mind and acts of his free will (होसहवासमा, राजीखुसीले, करकाप नपरी). A gift made under force, fraud or undue influence is not a genuine gift. This recital, backed by the witnesses, is the deed's main protection against a later challenge. Second, it must name the donor and the receiver precisely. Then there is no doubt who gives and who takes. Third, it must describe the property fully. This is usually done in a schedule with plot number, area and boundaries. Then exactly what passes is certain. Fourth, it must fix when the gift takes effect. This may be on the donor's death or at once. That decides when the receiver's right begins. It also decides whether the donor keeps the property meanwhile. Fifth, it must be signed before witnesses and dated. Where the law requires, it must be registered.
The reason for this care is best seen through a dispute. Suppose रामबहादुर leaves his house to one son by will. After his death the other children complain. They allege that he was senile. Or they allege that the favoured son forced his hand. Suppose the will plainly records that he was of sound mind and acted freely. Suppose credible witnesses attest it. Then the gift stands. But if those matters were left vague, the will is open to attack. The हालैको वकसपत्र raises a further practical point. It takes effect at once. So the receiver's ownership begins in the donor's lifetime. The donor cannot casually change his mind later. This is exactly why a donor who wishes to keep control until death must use an ordinary will instead. A sample in the correct Nepali form (placeholder names):
वकसपत्र
लिखितम् काठमाडौं महानगरपालिका वडा नं. ५ बस्ने, श्री जयबहादुर श्रेष्ठको छोरा
रामबहादुर श्रेष्ठ, उमेर ७० वर्ष (वकस दिने) ।
म होसहवास र स्वस्थ मनस्थितिमा रही, कसैको करकाप, झुक्यान वा प्रलोभनविना, आफ्नो
राजीखुसीले, आफ्नो हक भोग र स्वामित्वमा रहेको तल तपसिलमा उल्लिखित सम्पत्ति, मेरो छोरा
काठमाडौं महानगरपालिका वडा नं. ५ बस्ने हरिबहादुर श्रेष्ठ, उमेर ३५ वर्षलाई वकस दिई यो वकसपत्र
गरिदिएँ ।
मेरो मृत्यु भएपछि उक्त सम्पत्तिमा निज हरिबहादुर श्रेष्ठको पूर्ण हक, भोग र स्वामित्व
कायम हुने छ; सोभन्दा अघि उक्त सम्पत्तिमा मेरो हक भोग कायमै रहने छ । मेरो मृत्युपछि अन्य
कुनै हकवालाले उक्त सम्पत्तिमा दाबी गर्न नपाउने गरी यो वकसपत्र गरेको हुँ । यो लिखत मैले कसैको
करकाप नपरी राजीखुसीले गरी दिएँ ।
तपसिल (वकस दिइएको सम्पत्ति):
जिल्ला ....., ... नगरपालिका वडा नं. ..., कित्ता नं. ....., क्षेत्रफल ..... ;
चार किल्ला - पूर्व: ....., पश्चिम: ....., उत्तर: ....., दक्षिण: ..... ।
वकस दिने: रामबहादुर श्रेष्ठ - सहीछाप
वकस लिने: हरिबहादुर श्रेष्ठ - सहीछाप
साक्षी: १. गोपाल श्रेष्ठ, काठमाडौं वडा नं. ५ - सहीछाप
२. सीता श्रेष्ठ, काठमाडौं वडा नं. ५ - सहीछाप
लेखक: कृष्णप्रसाद श्रेष्ठ - सहीछाप
इति सम्वत् २०८२ साल ... महिना ... गते रोज ... शुभम् ।
Explanation. The deed opens with लिखितम् and the donor's full identity and age. Age matters because capacity is tied to the donor. The central recital affirms the donor's sound mind and free will. It names the receiver and the property. These are the three things a will must establish. The next clause fixes when the gift takes effect. Here it takes effect on the donor's death. The donor keeps his rights until then. In a हालैको वकसपत्र this clause would instead pass the right at once. The clause also bars other heirs from claiming. This forestalls a family dispute. The schedule (तपसिल) describes the property by plot number, area and four boundaries. The signatures of the donor and the receiver, the witnesses (साक्षी) who attest the donor's capacity, the scribe (लेखक), and the इति date line authenticate the deed. These are exactly the matters a valid will must contain.
नगरपालिकाबाट घरमा विजुली जोडिदिनका लागि दिने सिफारिस पत्रको मस्यौदा गर्नुहोस् । / Draft a recommendation letter, given from the municipality, for the connection of electricity to a house.
A recommendation letter for an electricity connection is drafted on the ward office's letterhead. It is addressed to the electricity authority. It carries a letter number and a dispatch number. It carries a date and a subject line. The body identifies the applicant. It certifies that he lives there and that he owns the house. The letter ends with the issuing officer's signature, designation and seal. Here is a fuller sample in the correct Nepali form (placeholder names and numbers):
काठमाडौं महानगरपालिका
वडा नं. ५ को कार्यालय
काठमाडौं, बागमती प्रदेश ।
पत्र संख्या: ....../०८२।८३ मिति: २०८२ साल ... महिना ... गते ।
चलानी नं.: ......
श्री नेपाल विद्युत् प्राधिकरण,
वितरण तथा ग्राहक सेवा केन्द्र,
काठमाडौं ।
विषय: घरायसी विद्युत् जडानका लागि सिफारिस ।
महोदय,
यस वडा नं. ५ अन्तर्गत स्थायी रूपमा बसोबास गर्दै आउनुभएका श्री रामबहादुर श्रेष्ठ, ठेगाना:
काठमाडौं महानगरपालिका वडा नं. ५, नागरिकता नं. ....., ले आफ्नो हक भोगको, यसै वडा नं. ५ मा पर्ने
कित्ता नं. ..... को घरमा घरायसी प्रयोजनका लागि नयाँ विद्युत् मिटर जडान गर्नुपर्ने भई यस
कार्यालयमा निवेदन दिनुभएको हुँदा, सोको व्यहोरा जाँचबुझ गर्दा निज यस वडाका स्थायी बासिन्दा
भई उक्त घर निजकै हक भोगको रहेको पुष्टि भएकोले, निज निवेदकलाई नियमानुसार विद्युत् जडान गरिदिनुहुन
सिफारिससाथ अनुरोध गरिन्छ ।
....................
वडा अध्यक्ष
काठमाडौं महानगरपालिका, वडा नं. ५ को कार्यालय
(कार्यालयको छाप)
Explanation of the parts. The letter opens with the letterhead. It names the issuing local level, the ward office and the place (काठमाडौं महानगरपालिका, वडा नं. ५ को कार्यालय). This shows at once which authority is certifying the facts. It gives the letter its official standing. Below it come the letter number (पत्र संख्या), the dispatch number (चलानी नं.) and the date (मिति). These let the ward office record the letter in its registers. They also let the office trace it later and fix the time it was issued. Next is the addressee. This is the Nepal Electricity Authority (नेपाल विद्युत् प्राधिकरण) distribution centre. It is the office that will act on the recommendation. The subject line (विषय) states the purpose in one short phrase. This lets the receiving clerk route it correctly. The body does the real work. It names the applicant and gives his address. It leaves a placeholder for his citizenship number. It states that he applied to the ward. Then it certifies the two facts that matter to the utility. First, that he is a permanent resident of the ward. Second, that the house at the stated plot (कित्ता नं.) is in his own ownership and occupation. It then makes the recommendation and request that the connection be given according to the rules. Finally the signature block carries the signature. It carries the designation (वडा अध्यक्ष). It carries the full office name. It carries the official seal (कार्यालयको छाप). Together these authenticate the letter. They show that a competent officer has certified the facts. These are exactly the standard parts of an official recommendation letter. They are arranged in the order a government office expects.