BIT102 · TU past paper

C Programming 2081 question paper

The complete TU 2081 exam paper for C Programming (BIT102), all 12 questions with solved model answers written to the mark scheme.

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110 marksLoop control statementsAnswer

What is loop? Differentiate between break and continue statement.Write a program to find sum of first N natural numbers.[6+4]

Loop, Break vs Continue, and Sum of N Natural Numbers

What is a Loop?

A loop is a control structure that allows repeated execution of a block of statements as long as a given condition remains true. Loops are used to avoid writing the same code multiple times.

Types of Loops in C:

Loop Type	Description
`for` loop	Used when the number of iterations is known
`while` loop	Entry-controlled; checks condition before executing
`do-while` loop	Exit-controlled; executes at least once

Difference Between `break` and `continue` Statement

Feature	`break`	`continue`
Function	Terminates the entire loop immediately	Skips the current iteration only
Control Transfer	Transfers control outside the loop	Transfers control to the loop's condition check
Effect on Loop	Loop stops completely	Loop continues with next iteration
Use Case	Exit loop when a condition is met	Skip specific values during iteration

Example of `break`:

for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
    if(i == 5)
        break;       // loop ends when i reaches 5
    printf("%d ", i);
}
// Output: 1 2 3 4

Example of `continue`:

for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
    if(i == 5)
        continue;    // skips i=5, loop keeps running
    printf("%d ", i);
}
// Output: 1 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10

Conclusion: break exits the loop entirely, while continue only skips the current iteration and the loop keeps running.

Program to Find Sum of First N Natural Numbers

The sum of first N natural numbers means adding all integers from 1 to N.

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int n, i, sum = 0;

    printf("Enter the value of N: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

    for(i = 1; i <= n; i++) {
        sum = sum + i;   // accumulate sum
    }

    printf("Sum of first %d natural numbers = %d\n", n, sum);

    return 0;
}

Sample Output:

Enter the value of N: 5
Sum of first 5 natural numbers = 15

Explanation (Dry Run for N = 5):

Iteration	i	sum = sum + i
1	1	0 + 1 = 1
2	2	1 + 2 = 3
3	3	3 + 3 = 6
4	4	6 + 4 = 10
5	5	10 + 5 = 15

The for loop runs from i = 1 to i = N, adding each value of i to the variable sum. After the loop ends, the final sum is displayed.

210 marksSimilarity between arrays and pointersAnswer

What is pointer? How it differs from array?Write a program to add two 2D matrices.[4+6]

Pointer vs Array and 2D Matrix Addition

What is a Pointer? (4 marks)

A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable rather than storing a data value directly.

Declaration syntax:

data_type *pointer_name;

Example:

int x = 10;
int *ptr;
ptr = &x;   // ptr holds the address of x
printf("%d", *ptr);  // prints 10 (dereferencing)

& operator gives the address of a variable
* operator dereferences a pointer (accesses value at that address)

How Pointer Differs from Array

Feature	Pointer	Array
Definition	Variable that stores address of another variable	Collection of elements of same data type stored in contiguous memory
Memory	Stores only an address (typically 4 or 8 bytes)	Allocates memory for all elements at once
Assignment	Can be reassigned to point to different variables	Array name is a constant pointer; cannot be reassigned
Initialization	Must be explicitly assigned an address before use	Memory is allocated at declaration
Arithmetic	Pointer arithmetic moves to next memory location	Array index directly accesses elements
`sizeof`	Returns size of pointer variable itself	Returns total size of all elements
Dynamic memory	Can use `malloc()`/`calloc()` for dynamic allocation	Size is fixed at compile time (static)

Example showing difference:

int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int *ptr = arr;

// arr = ptr;  // ERROR: array name is constant
ptr = ptr + 1;  // VALID: pointer can be moved

Program to Add Two 2D Matrices (6 marks)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int r, c, i, j;

    // Input dimensions
    printf("Enter number of rows: ");
    scanf("%d", &r);
    printf("Enter number of columns: ");
    scanf("%d", &c);

    int A[r][c], B[r][c], C[r][c];

    // Input matrix A
    printf("\nEnter elements of Matrix A (%dx%d):\n", r, c);
    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < c; j++) {
            printf("A[%d][%d]: ", i, j);
            scanf("%d", &A[i][j]);
        }
    }

    // Input matrix B
    printf("\nEnter elements of Matrix B (%dx%d):\n", r, c);
    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < c; j++) {
            printf("B[%d][%d]: ", i, j);
            scanf("%d", &B[i][j]);
        }
    }

    // Add matrices A and B, store result in C
    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < c; j++) {
            C[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j];
        }
    }

    // Display result matrix C
    printf("\nResultant Matrix C = A + B:\n");
    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < c; j++) {
            printf("%d\t", C[i][j]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }

    return 0;
}

Sample Output

Enter number of rows: 2
Enter number of columns: 2

Enter elements of Matrix A (2x2):
A[0][0]: 1
A[0][1]: 2
A[1][0]: 3
A[1][1]: 4

Enter elements of Matrix B (2x2):
B[0][0]: 5
B[0][1]: 6
B[1][0]: 7
B[1][1]: 8

Resultant Matrix C = A + B:
6    8
10   12

Logic Explanation

For two matrices A and B of same dimension (r x c):

$C[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j]$

where i ranges from 0 to r-1 and j ranges from 0 to c-1.

Note: Matrix addition is only possible when both matrices have the same number of rows and columns.

Pointer vs Array and 2D Matrix Addition

What is a Pointer? (4 marks)

A pointer is a variable that stores the memory address of another variable rather than storing a data value directly.

Declaration syntax:

data_type *pointer_name;

Example:

int x = 10;
int *ptr;
ptr = &x;   // ptr holds the address of x
printf("%d", *ptr);  // prints 10 (dereferencing)

& operator gives the address of a variable
* operator dereferences a pointer (accesses value at that address)

How Pointer Differs from Array

Feature	Pointer	Array
Definition	Variable that stores address of another variable	Collection of elements of same data type stored in contiguous memory
Memory	Stores only an address (typically 4 or 8 bytes)	Allocates memory for all elements at once
Assignment	Can be reassigned to point to different variables	Array name is a constant pointer; cannot be reassigned
Initialization	Must be explicitly assigned an address before use	Memory is allocated at declaration
Arithmetic	Pointer arithmetic moves to next memory location	Array index directly accesses elements
`sizeof`	Returns size of pointer variable itself	Returns total size of all elements
Dynamic memory	Can use `malloc()`/`calloc()` for dynamic allocation	Size is fixed at compile time (static)

Example showing difference:

int arr[5] = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};
int *ptr = arr;

// arr = ptr;  // ERROR: array name is constant
ptr = ptr + 1;  // VALID: pointer can be moved

Program to Add Two 2D Matrices (6 marks)

#include <stdio.h>

int main() {
    int r, c, i, j;

    // Input dimensions
    printf("Enter number of rows: ");
    scanf("%d", &r);
    printf("Enter number of columns: ");
    scanf("%d", &c);

    int A[r][c], B[r][c], C[r][c];

    // Input matrix A
    printf("\nEnter elements of Matrix A (%dx%d):\n", r, c);
    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < c; j++) {
            printf("A[%d][%d]: ", i, j);
            scanf("%d", &A[i][j]);
        }
    }

    // Input matrix B
    printf("\nEnter elements of Matrix B (%dx%d):\n", r, c);
    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < c; j++) {
            printf("B[%d][%d]: ", i, j);
            scanf("%d", &B[i][j]);
        }
    }

    // Add matrices A and B, store result in C
    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < c; j++) {
            C[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j];
        }
    }

    // Display result matrix C
    printf("\nResultant Matrix C = A + B:\n");
    for (i = 0; i < r; i++) {
        for (j = 0; j < c; j++) {
            printf("%d\t", C[i][j]);
        }
        printf("\n");
    }

    return 0;
}

Sample Output

Enter number of rows: 2
Enter number of columns: 2

Enter elements of Matrix A (2x2):
A[0][0]: 1
A[0][1]: 2
A[1][0]: 3
A[1][1]: 4

Enter elements of Matrix B (2x2):
B[0][0]: 5
B[0][1]: 6
B[1][0]: 7
B[1][1]: 8

Resultant Matrix C = A + B:
6    8
10   12

Logic Explanation

For two matrices A and B of same dimension (r x c):

$$C[i][j] = A[i][j] + B[i][j]$$

where i ranges from 0 to r-1 and j ranges from 0 to c-1.

Note: Matrix addition is only possible when both matrices have the same number of rows and columns.

310 marksString definition and declarationAnswer

What is string?Explain any three string function in "string.h" header file in C with example.Write a program to check whether a word is palindrome or not.[2+3+5]

String, String Functions, and Palindrome Check

1. What is String? [2 marks]

A string in C is a sequence of characters stored in a character array and terminated by a null character (\0). C does not have a built-in string data type; instead, strings are represented as arrays of type char.

Declaration:

char name[] = "Hello";
// Stored as: H e l l o \0

The null character \0 marks the end of the string and is automatically added when a string literal is used.

2. Three String Functions in `string.h` [3 marks]

i) `strlen()` - String Length

Returns the number of characters in a string, excluding the null character.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
    char str[] = "Hello";
    printf("Length = %d", strlen(str));  // Output: 5
    return 0;
}

ii) `strcpy()` - String Copy

Copies the content of one string (source) into another string (destination).

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
    char src[] = "Nepal";
    char dest[20];
    strcpy(dest, src);
    printf("Copied string: %s", dest);  // Output: Nepal
    return 0;
}

iii) `strcmp()` - String Compare

Compares two strings lexicographically.

Returns 0 if both strings are equal
Returns a negative value if first string is less than second
Returns a positive value if first string is greater than second

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main() {
    char s1[] = "apple";
    char s2[] = "apple";
    if (strcmp(s1, s2) == 0)
        printf("Strings are equal");   // Output: Strings are equal
    else
        printf("Strings are not equal");
    return 0;
}

3. Program to Check Whether a Word is Palindrome or Not [5 marks]

Logic: A word is a palindrome if it reads the same forwards and backwards. Example: "madam", "level", "racecar"

We compare the string with its reverse. If they are equal, it is a palindrome.

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>

int main() {
    char word[100], rev[100];
    int len, i, j;
    int isPalindrome = 1;  // Assume true initially

    printf("Enter a word: ");
    scanf("%s", word);

    len = strlen(word);

    // Reverse the word manually
    for (i = 0, j = len - 1; i < len; i++, j--) {
        rev[i] = word[j];
    }
    rev[len] = '\0';  // Add null terminator

    // Compare original and reversed word
    if (strcmp(word, rev) == 0) {
        printf("\"%s\" is a Palindrome.\n", word);
    } else {
        printf("\"%s\" is NOT a Palindrome.\n", word);
    }

    return 0;
}

Sample Output:

Case 1:

Enter a word: madam
"madam" is a Palindrome.

Case 2:

Enter a word: hello
"hello" is NOT a Palindrome.

Explanation of Key Steps:

Step	Description
`strlen(word)`	Finds the length of the entered word
Reverse loop	Copies characters from end to start into `rev[]`
`rev[len] = '\0'`	Properly terminates the reversed string
`strcmp(word, rev)`	Compares original and reversed; returns 0 if equal

45 marksConversion specifiersHideAnswer
What are conversion specifiers? Explain the compilation of C program in brief. [2+3]
--- Conversion specifiers are special format codes used inside printf() and scanf() functions to specify the type and format of data to be printed or read. They always begin with a percent sign (%). Specifier Data Type Example ----------...

55 marksStoring and displaying structure dataAnswer

What is structure? Write a program to read roll, name and marks of 10 students using structure and then display all records. [1+4]

Structure in C

What is Structure?

A structure is a user-defined data type in C that allows grouping of variables of different data types under a single name. Each variable inside a structure is called a member or field.

Syntax:

struct structure_name {
    data_type member1;
    data_type member2;
    ...
};

Program: Read and Display Records of 10 Students

#include <stdio.h>

// Define the structure
struct Student {
    int roll;
    char name[50];
    float marks;
};

int main() {
    struct Student s[10];
    int i;

    // Read records of 10 students
    printf("Enter details of 10 students:\n");
    for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        printf("\nStudent %d:\n", i + 1);
        printf("Enter Roll No : ");
        scanf("%d", &s[i].roll);
        printf("Enter Name    : ");
        scanf(" %s", s[i].name);
        printf("Enter Marks   : ");
        scanf("%f", &s[i].marks);
    }

    // Display all records
    printf("\n\n--- Student Records ---\n");
    printf("%-10s %-20s %-10s\n", "Roll No", "Name", "Marks");
    printf("----------------------------------------\n");
    for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
        printf("%-10d %-20s %-10.2f\n", s[i].roll, s[i].name, s[i].marks);
    }

    return 0;
}

Sample Output

Enter details of 10 students:

Student 1:
Enter Roll No : 1
Enter Name    : Ram
Enter Marks   : 85.5
...

--- Student Records ---
Roll No    Name                 Marks
----------------------------------------
1          Ram                  85.50
2          Sita                 90.00
...

Key Points

Feature	Description
Keyword	`struct`
Members	Can be of different data types
Array of structures	`struct Student s[10]` stores 10 students
Member access	Using dot operator (`.`)

65 marksIf else ladderHideAnswer
Explain if else ladder with syntax and semantic. Write a program to find largest among 3 different numbers. [2+3]
--- - The conditions are evaluated from top to bottom, one by one. - As soon as a condition evaluates to true, the corresponding block of statements is executed, and the rest of the ladder is skipped. - If none of the conditions is true,...
75 marksLoop control statementsHideAnswer
Write a program to check whether a given number is Armstrong number or not. [5]
An Armstrong number (also called a narcissistic number) is a number that equals the sum of its own digits each raised to the power of the number of digits. Example: - 153 = 1³ + 5³ + 3³ = 1 + 125 + 27 = 153 ✓ - 371 = 3³ + 7³ + 1³ = 27 + ...
85 marksOperator precedence and associativityHideAnswer
What is operator precedence? Explain assignment and logical operator. [1+4]
Operator Precedence, Assignment and Logical Operators

Operator Precedence [1 mark]

Operator precedence defines the order (priority) in which operators are evaluated in an expression when multiple operators appear together. An operator with higher precedence is evaluated before an operator with lower precedence.

Example:
2 + 3 * 4 = 2 + 12 = 14
Here, * has higher precedence than +, so multiplication is performed first.

Assignment Operator [2 marks]

The assignment operator is used to assign a value to a variable. The basic assignment operator is =.

Syntax:
variable = expression;
Simple Assignment

Operator Example Meaning
= a = 5 Assigns 5 to a

Compound Assignment Operators

These combine an arithmetic operation with assignment:

Operator Example Equivalent To
+= a += 5 a = a + 5
-= a -= 5 a = a - 5
*= a *= 5 a = a * 5
/= a /= 5 a = a / 5
%= a %= 5 a = a % 5

Key Points:
- Assignment is right-to-left associative
- Multiple assignments are possible: a = b = c = 10; (assigns 10 to all)
- The right-hand side is evaluated first, then assigned to the left-hand side variable
Logical Operators [2 marks]

Logical operators are used to combine or negate boolean/conditional expressions. They return either true (1) or false (0).

Types of Logical Operators

Operator Name Example Result
&& Logical AND a && b True only if both a and b are true
|| Logical OR a || b True if at least one of a or b is true
! Logical NOT !a True if a is false, and vice versa

Truth Tables

AND (&&)

A B A && B
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1

OR (||)

A B A || B
0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

NOT (!)

A !A
0 1
1 0

Example in C:
int a = 5, b = 10, c = 0; if (a > 0 && b > 0) // true && true = true printf("Both positive"); if (a > 0 || c > 0) // true || false = true printf("At least one positive"); if (!c) // !0 = true printf("c is zero");
Key Points:
- && and || use short-circuit evaluation: if the result is determined from the first operand, the second is not evaluated
- ! is a unary operator (operates on one operand)
- Logical operators are commonly used in if, while, and for conditions
95 marksCall by reference for swappingHideAnswer
Explain call by reference of a function with suitable example. [5]
Call by reference is a method of passing arguments to a function where the address (reference) of the actual argument is passed to the formal parameter of the function. Any changes made to the formal parameter inside the function directl...

Operator	Example	Meaning
`=`	`a = 5`	Assigns 5 to a

Operator	Example	Equivalent To
`+=`	`a += 5`	`a = a + 5`
`-=`	`a -= 5`	`a = a - 5`
`*=`	`a *= 5`	`a = a * 5`
`/=`	`a /= 5`	`a = a / 5`
`%=`	`a %= 5`	`a = a % 5`

Operator	Name	Example	Result
`&&`	Logical AND	`a && b`	True only if both a and b are true
`\|\|`	Logical OR	`a \|\| b`	True if at least one of a or b is true
`!`	Logical NOT	`!a`	True if a is false, and vice versa

A	B	A && B
0	0	0
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1

A	B	A \|\| B
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	1

A	!A
0	1
1	0

105 marksFile handling and file operationsAnswer

Write a program to write N numbers in file "number.txt" and then read it and display only even numbers. [5]

Program: Write N Numbers to File and Display Even Numbers

C Program

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

int main() {
    FILE *fp;
    int i, n, num;

    // Step 1: Get N from user
    printf("Enter how many numbers to write: ");
    scanf("%d", &n);

    // Step 2: Open file for writing
    fp = fopen("number.txt", "w");
    if (fp == NULL) {
        printf("Error opening file for writing!\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Step 3: Write N numbers to file
    printf("Enter %d numbers:\n", n);
    for (i = 0; i < n; i++) {
        scanf("%d", &num);
        fprintf(fp, "%d\n", num);
    }

    fclose(fp);
    printf("Numbers written to file successfully.\n");

    // Step 4: Open file for reading
    fp = fopen("number.txt", "r");
    if (fp == NULL) {
        printf("Error opening file for reading!\n");
        exit(1);
    }

    // Step 5: Read and display only even numbers
    printf("\nEven numbers from file:\n");
    while (fscanf(fp, "%d", &num) != EOF) {
        if (num % 2 == 0) {
            printf("%d\n", num);
        }
    }

    fclose(fp);
    return 0;
}

Sample Output

Enter how many numbers to write: 6
Enter 6 numbers:
3 8 15 22 7 10

Numbers written to file successfully.

Even numbers from file:
8
22
10

Key Points

Step	Operation	Function Used
1	Open file for writing	`fopen("number.txt", "w")`
2	Write numbers to file	`fprintf(fp, "%d\n", num)`
3	Close file after writing	`fclose(fp)`
4	Open file for reading	`fopen("number.txt", "r")`
5	Read numbers from file	`fscanf(fp, "%d", &num)`
6	Check even condition	`num % 2 == 0`

Note: Always check if fopen() returns NULL to handle file errors, and always call fclose() after file operations to release resources.

115 marksBasic data types and their rangesAnswer

What is constant? Explain basic data types in C programming along with their range. [1+4]

Constants and Basic Data Types in C Programming

What is a Constant? [1 Mark]

A constant is a fixed value that does not change during the execution of a program. Once defined, its value remains the same throughout the program.

Example:

const int x = 10;   // x is always 10
#define PI 3.14159  // PI is always 3.14159

Basic Data Types in C Programming [4 Marks]

C provides several fundamental (basic) data types to store different kinds of data. These are:

1. `int` (Integer Type)

Used to store whole numbers (positive, negative, or zero).
No decimal point.

Type	Size	Range
`int`	2 or 4 bytes	-32,768 to 32,767 (2 bytes) / -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647 (4 bytes)
`short int`	2 bytes	-32,768 to 32,767
`long int`	4 bytes	-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
`unsigned int`	2 or 4 bytes	0 to 65,535 (2 bytes) / 0 to 4,294,967,295 (4 bytes)

int age = 20;

2. `float` (Floating Point Type)

Used to store real numbers (numbers with decimal points).
Single precision.

Type	Size	Range
`float`	4 bytes	3.4 x 10^-38 to 3.4 x 10^+38 (6 decimal digits precision)

float price = 99.99;

3. `double` (Double Precision Float)

Used to store large real numbers with more precision than float.

Type	Size	Range
`double`	8 bytes	1.7 x 10^-308 to 1.7 x 10^+308 (15 decimal digits precision)
`long double`	10 bytes	3.4 x 10^-4932 to 1.1 x 10^+4932

double pi = 3.14159265358979;

4. `char` (Character Type)

Used to store a single character (letter, digit, or symbol).
Stored as its ASCII value internally.

Type	Size	Range
`char`	1 byte	-128 to 127 (signed)
`unsigned char`	1 byte	0 to 255

char grade = 'A';

Summary Table

Data Type	Size	Range
`int`	2/4 bytes	-32,768 to 32,767 / -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
`float`	4 bytes	3.4e-38 to 3.4e+38
`double`	8 bytes	1.7e-308 to 1.7e+308
`char`	1 byte	-128 to 127

Note: The exact size may vary depending on the compiler and system architecture (32-bit or 64-bit).

125 marksUnion definition and initializationHideAnswer
Write short notes on: a) Union b) Switch statement [0+2.5+2.5]
A union is a user-defined data type in C that allows storing different data types in the same memory location. All members of a union share the same memory space, and the size of the union is equal to the size of its largest member. Synt...

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C Programming 2081 question paper

Loop, Break vs Continue, and Sum of N Natural Numbers

What is a Loop?

Types of Loops in C:

Difference Between break and continue Statement

Example of break:

Example of continue:

Program to Find Sum of First N Natural Numbers

Sample Output:

Explanation (Dry Run for N = 5):

Pointer vs Array and 2D Matrix Addition

What is a Pointer? (4 marks)

How Pointer Differs from Array

Program to Add Two 2D Matrices (6 marks)

Sample Output

Logic Explanation

Pointer vs Array and 2D Matrix Addition

What is a Pointer? (4 marks)

How Pointer Differs from Array

Program to Add Two 2D Matrices (6 marks)

Sample Output

Logic Explanation

String, String Functions, and Palindrome Check

1. What is String? [2 marks]

2. Three String Functions in string.h [3 marks]

i) strlen() - String Length

ii) strcpy() - String Copy

iii) strcmp() - String Compare

3. Program to Check Whether a Word is Palindrome or Not [5 marks]

Sample Output:

Explanation of Key Steps:

Structure in C

What is Structure?

Program: Read and Display Records of 10 Students

Sample Output

Key Points

Operator Precedence, Assignment and Logical Operators

Operator Precedence [1 mark]

Assignment Operator [2 marks]

Simple Assignment

Compound Assignment Operators

Logical Operators [2 marks]

Types of Logical Operators

Truth Tables

Example in C:

Program: Write N Numbers to File and Display Even Numbers

C Program

Sample Output

Key Points

Constants and Basic Data Types in C Programming

What is a Constant? [1 Mark]

Basic Data Types in C Programming [4 Marks]

1. int (Integer Type)

2. float (Floating Point Type)

3. double (Double Precision Float)

4. char (Character Type)

Summary Table

Pointer vs Array and 2D Matrix Addition

What is a Pointer? (4 marks)

How Pointer Differs from Array

Program to Add Two 2D Matrices (6 marks)

Sample Output

Logic Explanation

Difference Between `break` and `continue` Statement

Example of `break`:

Example of `continue`:

2. Three String Functions in `string.h` [3 marks]

i) `strlen()` - String Length

ii) `strcpy()` - String Copy

iii) `strcmp()` - String Compare

1. `int` (Integer Type)

2. `float` (Floating Point Type)

3. `double` (Double Precision Float)

4. `char` (Character Type)