Artificial Intelligence · Unit 4
Knowledge Representation
Exam-focused notes for Knowledge Representation (Artificial Intelligence, BIT252): what the TU syllabus asks and how it has actually been tested, with 11 solved past questions from this unit.
What this unit covers
- Knowledge definition and representation issues
- Semantic networks
- Scripts and conceptual dependency
- First order predicate logic
- Clausal normal form conversion
- Unification and lifting in predicate logic
Unification and lifting in predicate logic
How unification and lifting is done in predicate logic?Construct a knowledge base in first order predicate logic for following statements and convert them to CNF form: All students are smart people. All smart people are not intelligent. Someone is intelligent. Either all students are intelligent or all students are hardworking.[4+6]
--- Unification is the process of finding a substitution (called a unifier) that makes two or more logical expressions identical. - A substitution θ is a set of bindings of the form {x/term, y/term, ...} - The Most General Unifier (MGU) is the most general ...
Full solved answer →Explain about unification and lifting with example. [5]
Note: Reference notes were not available for this topic. The following answer is based on standard AI/FOL curriculum as taught in BSc CSIT. --- Unification is the process of finding a substitution (called a unifier) that makes two or more logical expression...
Full solved answer →Scripts and conceptual dependency
How knowledge is represented using scripts? Support your answer with example. [3+2]
A script is a structured representation of knowledge about a stereotyped sequence of events in a particular context. Scripts were introduced by Roger Schank and Robert Abelson (1977) to represent common, everyday situations that follow a predictable pattern...
Full solved answer →Illustrate your own scenario for shopping at my mall and represent those concepts using scripts. [5]
A script is a structured knowledge representation technique (proposed by Schank and Abelson) that captures a stereotyped sequence of events in a particular context. It represents common, predictable situations using: Component Description ------------------...
Full solved answer →Represent the following knowledge using conceptual dependency. a.) He opened the door b.) Ram gave rose to sita. c.) she is crying [5]
Conceptual Dependency (CD) is a theory proposed by Roger Schank for representing the meaning of natural language sentences in a language-independent, canonical form. It uses a set of primitive actions (ACTs) to represent any action or event. Primitive Meani...
Full solved answer →How does script can be used in representing knowledge? Explain. [5]
A script is a structured knowledge representation technique introduced by Roger Schank and Robert Abelson (1977). It represents stereotyped sequences of events in a particular context -- essentially, it captures common, predictable patterns of human activit...
Full solved answer →Semantic networks
Represent the following sentences into semantic network: a. All animals and plants are living things. b. Rose is a plant. c. All plant prepare food using photosynthesis process. d. Carnivorous animal don't eat plant. e. Tiger is carnivorous. [5]
a. All animals and plants are living things. b. Rose is a plant. c. All plants prepare food using photosynthesis process. d. Carnivorous animals don't eat plants. e. Tiger is carnivorous. --- --- Node 1 (Subject) Relationship / Arc Node 2 (Object) ---------...
Full solved answer →How do you express knowledge using semantic network? Describe with an example. [5]
A semantic network is a graph-based knowledge representation technique where: - Nodes represent objects, concepts, or events - Edges (arcs) represent relationships or associations between those nodes It provides a natural way to represent structured knowled...
Full solved answer →Knowledge definition and representation issues
What is knowledge, representation and reasoning?When a machine is said to be passed Turing test?Give any two examples of constraint satisfaction problem.[3+5+2]
--- Knowledge refers to the information, facts, rules, and relationships about the world that an intelligent agent uses to make decisions and solve problems. It is the foundation of intelligent behavior in AI systems. - Example: "All humans are mortal" is a...
Full solved answer →What are the issues in knowledge representation? Given the following knowledge base, using resolution show that a.) Ava likes watermelon b.) Apple and watermelon are fruits c.) Ava eats watermelon and love it so much d.)Anything eaten by anybody and love it so much if fruits[10]
--- Knowledge representation deals with how knowledge about the world can be represented so that a computer system can use it to solve complex problems. The major issues are: The knowledge representation scheme must be able to represent all kinds of knowled...
Full solved answer →Clausal normal form conversion
Why CNF is necessary? From the following facts, show that "Charlie is a mammal" using FOPL based resolution method. a.) ows, pigs and horses are mammals b.) The child of a horse is a horse c.) Bluebeard is a horse d.) Bluebeard is Charlie's father e.) Child and father are inverse relations f.) Every mammal has a father.[10]
--- CNF is necessary for resolution-based theorem proving for the following reasons: 1. Uniform Format: Resolution works on clauses (disjunctions of literals). CNF converts all formulas into a standard set of clauses, making the process mechanical and syste...
Full solved answer →Make Unit 4 stick
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