SCO105 · TU past paper
Sociology 2077 question paper
The complete TU 2077 exam paper for Sociology (SCO105), all 12 questions with solved model answers written to the mark scheme.
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- 110 marksRelationship between sociology and informaHideAnswer
Define and discuss about view point of sociology? How the information technology and sociology is interrelated? Briefly explain.[10]
Sociology is the systematic study of human society, social relationships, social interactions, and the institutions that shape collective human behaviour. It examines how people live together in groups, interact with one another, and how...
- 210 marksModernity and post-modernity conceptsHideAnswer
What is modernity and post-modernity? Critically discuss the effect of information technology in the process of modernization?[10]
Modernity refers to a historical period and set of social, cultural, and intellectual conditions that emerged following the Middle Ages, particularly from the 17th century onwards. It is characterized by: - Emphasis on reason, science, a...
- 310 marksDefinition and nature of social changeHideAnswer
What is social change? Discuss the nature and characteristics along with factors responsible for social change?[10]
Social Change: Nature, Characteristics, and Factors
Definition of Social Change
Social change refers to the transformation or modification in the structure, functions, values, norms, and institutions of society over time. It involves alterations in the way people interact, organize themselves, and adapt to their environment. Social change is a continuous, inevitable process that affects all aspects of human society.
Nature of Social Change
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Continuous Process: Social change is not static but occurs constantly in society. It is an ongoing phenomenon that affects individuals, groups, and institutions.
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Universal Phenomenon: Social change occurs in all societies, though the pace and nature may vary. No society remains completely static or unchanged.
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Multidirectional: Social change does not follow a single direction. It can be progressive, regressive, or cyclical depending on the context and perspective.
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Complex and Interconnected: Changes in one aspect of society often trigger changes in other areas. For example, technological advancement leads to economic and social transformations.
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Both Planned and Unplanned: Some social changes are intentional and deliberate (planned), while others occur as unintended consequences of other actions (unplanned).
Characteristics of Social Change
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Gradual or Rapid: Social change can occur slowly over generations or rapidly within a short period, depending on circumstances.
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Predictable and Unpredictable: While some changes follow patterns and can be anticipated, others are unexpected and difficult to foresee.
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Affects All Levels: Social change impacts individuals, families, communities, organizations, and entire societies.
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Value-Laden: Social change is often evaluated differently by different groups based on their values, beliefs, and interests.
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Cumulative: Changes build upon previous changes, creating a cumulative effect over time.
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Irreversible: Most social changes cannot be completely reversed, though they may be modified or redirected.
Factors Responsible for Social Change
1. Technological Factors
- Innovations in technology (internet, automation, artificial intelligence) fundamentally alter how people work, communicate, and live.
- Industrial revolutions have consistently transformed social structures and economic systems.
2. Economic Factors
- Changes in economic systems, modes of production, and distribution of resources drive social transformation.
- Poverty, wealth, and economic inequality influence social structures and relationships.
3. Political Factors
- Government policies, political movements, and changes in power structures influence social organization.
- Revolutions and political reforms can trigger widespread social change.
4. Cultural Factors
- Shifts in values, beliefs, ideologies, and cultural practices lead to social transformation.
- Education and intellectual movements promote new ways of thinking.
5. Demographic Factors
- Population growth, migration, aging, and changes in family structure affect society.
- Urbanization and rural-to-urban migration reshape social patterns.
6. Environmental Factors
- Natural disasters, climate change, and resource availability force societies to adapt.
- Environmental degradation necessitates changes in lifestyle and social practices.
7. Biological/Health Factors
- Epidemics, pandemics, and health crises (e.g., COVID-19) create rapid social changes.
- Advances in medicine and health awareness alter social behaviors.
8. Conflict and Social Movements
- Social conflicts, protests, and organized movements drive social reform.
- Activism and advocacy for rights and justice catalyze social transformation.
9. Diffusion and Contact
- Interaction between different cultures through trade, migration, and communication spreads new ideas and practices.
- Globalization accelerates the spread of social change across societies.
Conclusion
Social change is a multifaceted phenomenon shaped by the interplay of technological, economic, political, cultural, demographic, environmental, and social factors. Understanding these dimensions helps us comprehend how societies evolve and adapt to meet new challenges and opportunities.
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- 45 marksCulture as fundamental concept of societyHideAnswer
“Culture is known as a fundamental concept of society.” Critically discuss. [5]
Culture is indeed recognized as a fundamental concept in understanding society, though this requires critical examination of what "fundamental" means and how culture functions within social structures. 1. Shared Meaning and Identity Cult...
- 55 marksSocial codes and their effects on individuHideAnswer
What is meant by social code? Critically discuss the effect of social code in individual life? [5]
Social code refers to the unwritten rules, norms, values, and standards of behavior that are established and accepted within a society or community. These are the implicit guidelines that govern how individuals should conduct themselves ...
- 65 marksEffect of information technology on socialHideAnswer
Discuss the impact of information technology in the society? [5]
Information Technology has profoundly transformed modern society across multiple dimensions: - IT has revolutionized how people communicate globally through email, social media, and instant messaging - Enables real-time interaction acros...
- 75 marksFamilyHideAnswer
Define marriage. Discuss the changing paractices of marriage system in present day in Nepalese society? [5]
Marriage is a socially and legally recognized union between two individuals (traditionally a man and a woman, though this is evolving) that establishes rights and obligations between them and their families. It is a fundamental social in...
- 85 marksConcept of development and social progressHideAnswer
Discuss the concept of development and social progress? Is there any relationship between these two? Clarify? [5]
Development refers to the process of economic, social, and institutional growth that improves the quality of life and living standards of a population. It encompasses: - Increase in per capita income and GDP - Expansion of productive cap...
- 95 marksRelationship between social change, develoHideAnswer
The concept of social change is different from development and progress. Critically Discuss. [5]
Social change refers to alterations in the structure, values, norms, and institutions of society over time. It is: - Neutral and descriptive - simply describes transformation without value judgment - Inevitable and continuous - occurs na...
- 105 marksCaste and class systems with Nepalese contHideAnswer
Differentiate between Caste and Class with suitable example? [5]
Aspect Caste Class --------- Nature Ascribed status (inherited at birth) Achieved status (based on effort and merit) Basis Based on birth, heredity, and religion Based on economic resources, income, and occupation Mobility Rigid; no vert...
- 115 marksNeed for IT in social policy and planningHideAnswer
Discuss the need of Information technology while making social policy social planning? [5]
Information technology plays a crucial role in modern social policy and social planning. Here are the key reasons: - IT enables systematic collection of large-scale demographic and socioeconomic data - Facilitates analysis of complex soc...
- 125 marksDefinition and concept of social structureHideAnswer
Write short note on a.) Social Structure b.) Ethnic and Racial groups [5]
Social structure refers to the organized patterns of social relationships and institutions that form the framework of society. It is the relatively stable arrangement of roles, statuses, and relationships that organize human interactions...