TU IOST | notesharu likely questions
Answer (b): Write $\frac{\sin 3x}{x}=3\cdot\frac{\sin 3x}{3x}$. As $x\to0$ the fraction $\frac{\sin 3x}{3x}\to1$, so the limit is $3$.
Why it is likely: Limits came up 20 times in 13 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Calculus (Class 12 notes)
Answer (d): Factor: $\frac{(x-2)(x+2)}{(x-2)(x-1)}=\frac{x+2}{x-1}$. At $x=2$ this is $\frac{4}{1}=4$.
Why it is likely: Limits came up 20 times in 13 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Calculus (Class 12 notes)
Answer (c): Divide numerator and denominator by $x^2$. The terms $\frac2x$ and $\frac1{x^2}$ go to $0$, leaving $\frac35$.
Why it is likely: Limits came up 20 times in 13 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Calculus (Class 12 notes)
Answer (a): Powers of $i$ repeat every 4. Since $47=4\cdot11+3$, $i^{47}=i^3=-i$.
Why it is likely: Complex numbers came up 17 times in 12 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Algebra (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): $|3+4i|=5$ and $|1-i|=\sqrt2$, and the modulus of a quotient is the quotient of moduli, so the answer is $\frac5{\sqrt2}$.
Why it is likely: Complex numbers came up 17 times in 12 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Algebra (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): $(1+i)^2=2i$, so $(1+i)^4=(2i)^2=-4$ and $(1+i)^8=(-4)^2=16$.
Why it is likely: Complex numbers came up 17 times in 12 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Algebra (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): Let $u=2x+3$, so $du=2,dx$. Then $\int u^5\frac{du}{2}=\frac{u^6}{12}+C$.
Why it is likely: Integration came up 13 times in 12 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Calculus (Class 12 notes)
Answer (a): Put $u=x^2$, so $x,dx=\frac{du}{2}$. The integral becomes $\frac12\int e^u,du=\frac12e^{x^2}+C$.
Why it is likely: Integration came up 13 times in 12 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Calculus (Class 12 notes)
Answer (b): Put $u=\sin x$: the integral is $\int_0^1u,du=\frac12$.
Why it is likely: Definite integrals came up 7 times in 7 of 13 papers, latest in 2080.
Revise: Calculus (Class 12 notes)
Answer (d): $\sin x=\pm\frac1{\sqrt2}$. Each sign gives two angles in one full turn ($\frac\pi4,\frac{3\pi}4,\frac{5\pi}4,\frac{7\pi}4$), so there are $4$.
Why it is likely: Trigonometric equations came up 12 times in 12 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Trigonometry (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): $\tan x=\sqrt3$ gives $x=\frac\pi3$ and $x=\pi+\frac\pi3=\frac{4\pi}3$. Their sum is $\frac{5\pi}3$.
Why it is likely: Trigonometric equations came up 12 times in 12 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Trigonometry (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): $\alpha+\beta=5$ and $\alpha\beta=6$. So $\alpha^2+\beta^2=(\alpha+\beta)^2-2\alpha\beta=25-12=13$.
Why it is likely: Quadratic equations came up 12 times in 11 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Algebra (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): Equal roots need discriminant $k^2-4\cdot1\cdot9=0$, so $k^2=36$ and $k=6$ (positive).
Why it is likely: Quadratic equations came up 12 times in 11 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Algebra (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): $g(2)=4$, then $f(4)=2\cdot4+3=11$. (The order $g\circ f$ would give $49$.)
Why it is likely: Functions came up 11 times in 8 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Algebra (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): $\sin^{-1}x+\cos^{-1}x=\frac\pi2$ for every $x$ in $[-1,1]$. Directly: $\frac\pi6+\frac\pi3=\frac\pi2$.
Why it is likely: Inverse trigonometric functions came up 11 times in 11 of 13 papers, latest in 2080.
Revise: Trigonometry (Class 12 notes)
Answer (c): $\tan^{-1}2+\tan^{-1}3$: since $2\cdot3>1$, it equals $\pi+\tan^{-1}\frac{5}{1-6}=\pi-\frac\pi4=\frac{3\pi}4$. Adding $\tan^{-1}1=\frac\pi4$ gives $\pi$.
Why it is likely: Inverse trigonometric functions came up 11 times in 11 of 13 papers, latest in 2080.
Revise: Trigonometry (Class 12 notes)
Answer (d): Product rule: $2x\cdot\ln x+x^2\cdot\frac1x=2x\ln x+x$.
Why it is likely: Differentiation came up 11 times in 8 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Calculus (Class 12 notes)
Answer (b): $\frac{dy}{dx}=3x^2-3$. At $x=2$ this is $12-3=9$.
Why it is likely: Derivatives came up 8 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Calculus (Class 12 notes)
Answer (c): Multiplying such matrices adds the top-right entries: $A^n=\begin{pmatrix}1&2n\0&1\end{pmatrix}$. For $n=3$ the entry is $6$.
Why it is likely: Matrices came up 10 times in 9 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Algebra (Class 12 notes)
Answer (a): For a triangular matrix the determinant is the product of the diagonal entries: $1\cdot4\cdot6=24$.
Why it is likely: Determinants came up 10 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Algebra (Class 12 notes)
Answer (c): Complete squares: $(x-3)^2+(y+4)^2=24+9+16=49$, so the radius is $\sqrt{49}=7$.
Why it is likely: Circle came up 10 times in 9 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Analytic geometry (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): Radius is the distance from $(1,2)$ to $(4,6)$: $\sqrt{3^2+4^2}=5$, so $r^2=25$.
Why it is likely: Circle came up 10 times in 9 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Analytic geometry (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): Factor: $x^2-5xy+6y^2=(x-2y)(x-3y)$, so the lines are $x-2y=0$ and $x-3y=0$.
Why it is likely: Pair of straight lines came up 8 times in 7 of 13 papers, latest in 2080.
Revise: Analytic geometry (Class 12 notes)
Answer (a): $n(A\cup B)=n(A)+n(B)-n(A\cap B)=20+15-5=30$.
Why it is likely: Sets came up 6 times in 6 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Algebra (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): Here $a=3$, $d=4$. $S_{20}=\frac{20}{2}[2\cdot3+19\cdot4]=10\cdot82=820$.
Why it is likely: Arithmetic progression came up 5 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Algebra (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): $\Delta L=L\alpha\Delta T=2\times1.2\times10^{-5}\times50=1.2\times10^{-3}$ m $=1.2$ mm.
Why it is likely: Thermal expansion came up 10 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Thermal Expansion (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): For small expansions $\beta=2\alpha$ and $\gamma=3\alpha$, so $\alpha:\beta:\gamma=1:2:3$.
Why it is likely: Thermal expansion came up 10 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Thermal Expansion (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): From $E=h\nu$, $h=E/\nu$. $[E]=ML^2T^{-2}$ and $[\nu]=T^{-1}$, giving $ML^2T^{-1}$.
Why it is likely: Dimensions came up 10 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Physical Quantities (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): Impulse is force times time, $MLT^{-1}$, the same as momentum. The other pairs differ in dimensions.
Why it is likely: Dimensions came up 10 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Physical Quantities (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): $R=\frac{u^2\sin2\theta}{g}=\frac{400\times1}{10}=40$ m.
Why it is likely: Projectile motion came up 6 times in 6 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Kinematics (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): $H=\frac{u^2\sin^2\theta}{2g}=\frac{1600\times0.25}{20}=20$ m.
Why it is likely: Projectile motion came up 6 times in 6 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Kinematics (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): $v_{rms}\propto\sqrt T$. Four times $T$ gives $\sqrt4=2$ times the speed.
Why it is likely: Kinetic theory came up 6 times in 6 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Ideal Gas (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): Each of three translational degrees of freedom contributes $\frac12kT$, so the total is $\frac32kT$.
Why it is likely: Kinetic theory came up 6 times in 6 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Ideal Gas (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): 30 days is 3 half-lives, so the fraction is $\left(\frac12\right)^3=\frac18$.
Why it is likely: Radioactivity came up 6 times in 6 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Radioactivity and Nuclear Reaction (Class 12 notes)
Answer (b): $\lambda=\frac{0.693}{T_{1/2}}=\frac{0.693}{693}=1\times10^{-3}\ \text{s}^{-1}$.
Why it is likely: Radioactivity came up 6 times in 6 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Radioactivity and Nuclear Reaction (Class 12 notes)
Answer (a): Einstein's equation: $K_{max}=h\nu-\phi=5-2=3$ eV.
Why it is likely: Photoelectric effect came up 6 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Photons (Class 12 notes)
Answer (d): Intensity sets the number of photons, so more electrons are emitted. The maximum kinetic energy depends only on the frequency and the work function.
Why it is likely: Photoelectric effect came up 6 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Photons (Class 12 notes)
Answer (b): A bubble has two surfaces, so the excess pressure is $2\times\frac{2T}{r}=\frac{4T}{r}$.
Why it is likely: Surface tension came up 5 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Fluid Statics (Class 12 notes)
Answer (c): $h=\frac{2T}{r\rho g}=\frac{0.14}{0.5\times10^{-3}\times1000\times10}=\frac{0.14}{5}=0.028$ m $=2.8$ cm.
Why it is likely: Surface tension came up 5 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Fluid Statics (Class 12 notes)
Answer (a): Transitions ending at $n=2$ make the Balmer lines, which fall in the visible region. Lyman ends at $n=1$ and Paschen at $n=3$.
Why it is likely: Hydrogen spectrum came up 5 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Quantization of Energy (Class 12 notes)
Answer (d): $f'=f\frac{v}{v-v_s}=450\times\frac{340}{306}=450\times\frac{10}{9}=500$ Hz.
Why it is likely: Doppler effect came up 4 times in 4 of 13 papers, latest in 2076.
Revise: Acoustic Phenomena (Class 12 notes)
Answer (c): $v=\frac cn=\frac{3\times10^8}{1.5}=2\times10^8$ m/s.
Why it is likely: Refraction came up 4 times in 4 of 13 papers, latest in 2074.
Revise: Refraction at Plane Surface (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): A pentavalent atom donates one extra free electron, so the majority carriers are electrons: n-type.
Why it is likely: Semiconductors came up 4 times in 4 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Semiconductor Devices (Class 12 notes)
Answer (a): $Y=\frac{FL}{A,\Delta L}=\frac{100\times2}{10^{-6}\times10^{-3}}=2\times10^{11}$ Pa.
Why it is likely: Elasticity came up 4 times in 4 of 13 papers, latest in 2077.
Revise: Elasticity (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): $f_{max}=\mu_sN=0.4\times(10\times10)=40$ N.
Why it is likely: Friction came up 4 times in 4 of 13 papers, latest in 2080.
Revise: Dynamics (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): Terminal velocity $v=\frac{2r^2(\rho-\sigma)g}{9\eta}\propto r^2$, so doubling $r$ gives four times the velocity.
Why it is likely: Viscosity came up 3 times in 3 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Fluid Statics (Class 12 notes)
Answer (d): $\beta=\frac{\lambda D}{d}=\frac{600\times10^{-9}\times1}{0.3\times10^{-3}}=2\times10^{-3}$ m $=2$ mm.
Why it is likely: Interference came up 3 times in 3 of 13 papers, latest in 2074.
Revise: Interference (Class 12 notes)
Answer (c): Compare with $y=A\sin(\omega t-kx)$: $\omega=100$ and $k=0.25$, so $v=\frac\omega k=400$ m/s.
Why it is likely: Wave motion came up 3 times in 3 of 13 papers, latest in 2077.
Revise: Wave Motion (Class 12 notes)
Answer (b): $\sin C=\frac1n=\frac1{\sqrt2}$, so $C=45^\circ$.
Why it is likely: Total internal reflection came up 3 times in 3 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Refraction at Plane Surface (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): $E_n=-\frac{13.6}{n^2}$ eV, so $E_2=-\frac{13.6}{4}=-3.4$ eV.
Why it is likely: Bohr model came up 3 times in 3 of 13 papers, latest in 2080.
Revise: Quantization of Energy (Class 12 notes)
Answer (b): Mass $=n\times M=0.25\times98=24.5$ g.
Why it is likely: Mole concept came up 11 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Stoichiometry (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): $n=\frac9{18}=0.5$ mol, and molecules $=0.5\times6.022\times10^{23}=3.011\times10^{23}$.
Why it is likely: Mole concept came up 11 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Stoichiometry (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): $n=\frac8{32}=0.25$ mol, and $V=0.25\times22.4=5.6$ L.
Why it is likely: Mole concept came up 11 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Stoichiometry (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): The overall order is the sum of the exponents: $2+1=3$.
Why it is likely: Chemical kinetics came up 11 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Chemical Kinetics (Class 12 notes)
Answer (c): For second order, rate (mol L$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$) $=k,[A]^2$ (mol$^2$ L$^{-2}$), so $k$ has units L mol$^{-1}$ s$^{-1}$.
Why it is likely: Chemical kinetics came up 11 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Chemical Kinetics (Class 12 notes)
Answer (b): $t_{1/2}=\frac{0.693}{k}=\frac{0.693}{0.0693}=10$ min.
Why it is likely: Chemical kinetics came up 11 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Chemical Kinetics (Class 12 notes)
Answer (d): A completely filled $3d^{10}$ subshell is extra stable, so one $4s$ electron moves to $3d$, giving $3d^{10}4s^1$.
Why it is likely: Electronic configuration came up 9 times in 8 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Atomic Structure (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): Mn is $[\text{Ar}]3d^54s^2$. $\ce{Mn^2+}$ loses the two $4s$ electrons, leaving $3d^5$ with five unpaired electrons.
Why it is likely: Electronic configuration came up 9 times in 8 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Atomic Structure (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): Sulphide ore particles are wetted by oil and carried up by the froth, while gangue sinks. It suits sulphide ores such as galena and zinc blende.
Why it is likely: Metallurgy came up 9 times in 8 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Chemistry of Metals (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): Pure alumina melts near 2000 degrees C. Cryolite lowers the melting point and makes the melt a better conductor.
Why it is likely: Metallurgy came up 9 times in 8 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Chemistry of Metals (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): $\ce{Al2O3}$ reacts with both acids and bases. $\ce{Na2O}$ and $\ce{CaO}$ are basic and $\ce{P2O5}$ is acidic.
Why it is likely: Oxides came up 8 times in 8 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Chemistry of Non-Metals (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): $\ce{NO}$ does not react with acids or bases to form salts, so it is neutral. The other three are acidic oxides.
Why it is likely: Oxides came up 8 times in 8 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Chemistry of Non-Metals (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): Atomic radius decreases across a period as nuclear charge grows, so sodium, the first of these in period 3, is the largest.
Why it is likely: Periodic properties came up 7 times in 7 of 13 papers, latest in 2080.
Revise: Classification of Elements (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): Electronegativity increases across a period and up a group, so fluorine (4.0 on the Pauling scale) is the highest.
Why it is likely: Periodic properties came up 7 times in 7 of 13 papers, latest in 2080.
Revise: Classification of Elements (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): $+1+x+4(-2)=0$ gives $x=+7$.
Why it is likely: Oxidation number came up 7 times in 7 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Oxidation and Reduction (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): $2(+1)+x+(-2)=0$ gives $x=0$.
Why it is likely: Oxidation number came up 7 times in 7 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Oxidation and Reduction (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): The iodoform test needs a $\ce{CH3CO-}$ group (or $\ce{CH3CH(OH)-}$). Propanone has it; the others do not.
Why it is likely: Aldehydes and ketones came up 6 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Aldehydes and Ketones (Class 12 notes)
Answer (c): Only primary amines form the foul-smelling isocyanide (carbylamine) with chloroform and alcoholic KOH.
Why it is likely: Amines came up 6 times in 6 of 13 papers, latest in 2078.
Revise: Amines (Class 12 notes)
Answer (d): Sucrose is a disaccharide of one glucose and one fructose unit, so acid hydrolysis gives equal amounts of both.
Why it is likely: Biomolecules came up 5 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2077.
Revise: Chemistry in the Service to Mankind (Class 12 notes)
Answer (b): The Lewis acid anhydrous $\ce{AlCl3}$ generates the carbocation from the alkyl halide that attacks the benzene ring.
Why it is likely: Aromatic hydrocarbons came up 5 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Aromatic Hydrocarbons (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): Lucas reagent reacts fastest with tertiary alcohols because they form stable carbocations. 2-methylpropan-2-ol is tertiary.
Why it is likely: Alcohols came up 5 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2078.
Revise: Alcohols (Class 12 notes)
Answer (d): A shell holds $2n^2$ electrons, so for $n=3$ it is $2\times9=18$.
Why it is likely: Quantum numbers came up 5 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Atomic Structure (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): In acid, $\ce{MnO4-}$ gains 5 electrons ($\ce{Mn^7+ -> Mn^2+}$), so equivalent weight $=\frac{158}{5}=31.6$.
Why it is likely: Equivalent weight came up 5 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2078.
Revise: Volumetric Analysis (Class 12 notes)
Answer (b): Nitrogen has three bond pairs and one lone pair, four electron pairs in all. The lone pair pushes the bonds into a pyramid.
Why it is likely: VSEPR theory came up 5 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Chemical Bonding (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): $[\text{OH}^-]=10^{-2}$, so $\text{pOH}=2$ and $\text{pH}=14-2=12$.
Why it is likely: pH came up 4 times in 4 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Ionic Equilibrium (Class 12 notes)
Answer (a): Use since with a fixed starting point in time (2015) and for with a length of time.
Why it is likely: Prepositions came up 40 times in 13 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Grammar and Usage (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): The adjective allergic takes the preposition to.
Why it is likely: Prepositions came up 40 times in 13 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Grammar and Usage (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): The verb insist is followed by on (insist on doing something).
Why it is likely: Prepositions came up 40 times in 13 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Grammar and Usage (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): Scarce means in short supply. Its opposite is abundant, meaning plentiful. The other three are synonyms of scarce.
Why it is likely: Antonyms came up 21 times in 12 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Vocabulary and Word Formation (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): Candid means open and honest in speech, which is frank.
Why it is likely: Synonyms came up 21 times in 11 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Vocabulary and Word Formation (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): Meticulous describes a person who pays close attention to every detail.
Why it is likely: Vocabulary came up 25 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Vocabulary and Word Formation (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): Take after means to resemble a family member.
Why it is likely: Phrasal verbs came up 24 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Grammar and Usage (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): Run into means to meet someone by chance.
Why it is likely: Phrasal verbs came up 24 times in 10 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Grammar and Usage (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): A person who beats around the bush talks about other things instead of the real issue.
Why it is likely: Idioms came up 22 times in 9 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Vocabulary and Word Formation (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): A blue moon is a rare event, so the phrase means something that happens very seldom.
Why it is likely: Idioms came up 22 times in 9 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Vocabulary and Word Formation (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): Ornithology is the study of birds. Entomology is insects and etymology is word origins.
Why it is likely: One-word substitution came up 12 times in 6 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Vocabulary and Word Formation (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): With neither...nor the verb agrees with the nearer subject. Students is plural, so were is correct.
Why it is likely: Subject-verb agreement came up 11 times in 6 of 13 papers, latest in 2076.
Revise: Grammar and Usage (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): Doctor is stressed as DOC-tor. Decide, above and provide are stressed on the second syllable.
Why it is likely: Word stress came up 9 times in 7 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Vocabulary and Word Formation (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): The two clauses contrast tiredness and continuing, so the contrast conjunction although fits.
Why it is likely: Conjunctions came up 8 times in 5 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Grammar and Usage (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): Names of musical instruments take the definite article after play.
Why it is likely: Articles came up 7 times in 6 of 13 papers, latest in 2078.
Revise: Grammar and Usage (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): Linux is an operating system that manages hardware and runs programs. Oracle is a database, Photoshop an application and Python a language.
Why it is likely: Operating systems came up 2 times in 2 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Computer Software and Operating System (Class 11 notes)
Answer (d): A worm replicates on its own over networks. A Trojan pretends to be useful software and does not self-replicate.
Why it is likely: Computer viruses came up 2 times in 2 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Information Security and Cyber Law (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): RAM is volatile main memory. ROM, hard disks and SSDs keep data without power.
Why it is likely: Memory came up 2 times in 1 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Computer System (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): The BIOS in ROM runs the power-on self test and then loads the operating system.
Why it is likely: Booting came up 2 times in 1 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Computer Software and Operating System (Class 11 notes)
Answer (b): Natural language processing lets machines understand human language, as in voice assistants and chatbots.
Why it is likely: Artificial intelligence came up 2 times in 1 of 13 papers, latest in 2080.
Revise: Recent Trends in ICT (Class 12 notes)
Answer (d): A star network joins each node to a central device. A failure of one cable affects only that node.
Why it is likely: Network topology came up 1 times in 1 of 13 papers, latest in 2081.
Revise: Concept of Network and Data Communication (Class 12 notes)
Answer (a): $1\cdot8+0\cdot4+1\cdot2+1\cdot1=11$.
Why it is likely: Number systems came up 1 times in 1 of 13 papers, latest in 2080.
Revise: Number System and Boolean Logic (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): A browser is a program for a user task (viewing web pages), so it is application software.
Why it is likely: Software types came up 1 times in 1 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Application Package (Class 11 notes)
Answer (a): A URL is the address of a resource on the web: Uniform Resource Locator.
Why it is likely: Internet came up 1 times in 1 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Web Technology I (Class 11 notes)
Answer (c): Dollar signs before the column and row make a reference absolute, so it stays fixed when copied.
Why it is likely: MS-Excel came up 1 times in 1 of 13 papers, latest in 2079.
Revise: Application Package (Class 11 notes)